Top 40 Interview Questions on Embedded Systems

Interview Questions on Embedded Systems

Since embedded systems are essential to the growth of the Internet of Things, driverless vehicles, renewable energy, and other fields, there is a high and predicted to continue growing demand for them. We have selected the top 40 interview questions on embedded systems for both freshers and experts because it offers great opportunities. Explore more with our embedded system course syllabus.

Embedded C Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Here are the embedded software interview questions and answers:

1.  What is an embedded system?

A specialized computer system created for a particular purpose inside a larger device is called an embedded system. It usually lacks a general-purpose operating system like Windows or macOS and contains specialized hardware and software.

2. What are the key features of an embedded system?

The key characteristics of an embedded system are as follows:

• Real-time constraints: Events must be addressed within predetermined time frames.
• Resource limitations: It includes low processor power, power consumption, and memory (RAM, ROM).
• Reliability: Because failures might have serious repercussions, high reliability is essential.
• Cost-effectiveness: Both production and maintenance must be economical. 

3. What are the different types of embedded systems?

The various types of embedded systems are:

• Microcontroller-based: Make use of microcontrollers as the central processing unit, such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi.
• Processor-based: For difficult jobs, use more potent processors (such as ARM or DSP).
• Networked embedded systems: Establish connections with other networks or devices (such as Internet of Things devices).
• Real-time embedded systems: Strict timing requirements apply to real-time embedded systems, such as industrial control systems. 

4. Explain the functions of RTOS in embedded systems.

In real-time systems, an RTOS (Real-time Operating System) offers a framework for task and resource management. It guarantees effective resource allocation and the timely completion of important activities.

5. What distinguishes a general-purpose computer from an embedded system?

Purpose: General-purpose computers are made for a variety of uses, whereas embedded systems are made for a single purpose.

Hardware: General-purpose computers have more adaptable hardware than embedded systems, which contain specialized hardware.

Operating System: While general-purpose computers utilize full-fledged operating systems, embedded systems typically use RTOS or no OS at all. 

6. What are the common components of an embedded system?

The common components of an embedded system are as follows:

• Microcontroller/Processor.
• Memory (RAM, ROM, Flash).
• Input/Output peripherals (Sensors, Actuators, Displays).
• Communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C, CAN).
• Power supply and regulators.

7. Describe the memory-mapped input/output concept.

Memory locations are used to access peripheral devices (such as sensors and actuators) in memory-mapped I/O. I/O registers are interpreted by the processor as memory addresses.

8. What are the various types of sensors used in embedded systems?

The following are the different types of sensors used in embedded systems:

• Temperature sensors (Thermistor, RTD)
• Pressure sensors
• Accelerometers
• Gyroscopes
• Humidity sensors
• Light sensors (Photodiodes, Photoresistors)

9. Explain the working principle of an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter).

An analog signal (continuous values) is transformed into a digital signal (discrete values) by an ADC so that the microcontroller can process it.

By sampling, quantifying, and assigning binary values, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) transforms analog signals into digital signals:

• Sampling: The analog signal is periodically sampled by the ADC.
• Quantifying: To ascertain the signal’s resolution, the ADC quantifies it.
• Binary value setting: To read the digital signal, the ADC sets binary values and transmits them to the system.

10. What are the common communication protocols used in embedded systems?

The common communication protocols used in embedded systems are as follows:

• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
• I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
• CAN (Controller Area Network)
• Ethernet
• USB

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11. Which programming languages are frequently utilized in embedded systems?

• The most popular because of its flexibility and efficiency is C/C++.
• Low-level hardware control is provided by assembly language.
• Python: Getting more and more used for prototyping and scripting. 

12. Explain the concept of interrupts in embedded systems.

In embedded systems, interrupts are signals that momentarily stop a program’s regular operation in order to initiate an interrupt service routine (ISR), a specialized function. 

Because they enable the software to respond to internal or external stimuli without continuously waiting for them, interrupts are crucial for responsive embedded systems.  

13. What is a real-time operating system (RTOS)?

A specialized operating system made for real-time applications is called an RTOS. It ensures that jobs are completed on schedule and that response times are predictable.

With an emphasis on carrying out tasks in real time, a real-time operating system (RTOS) is a specialized operating system that controls hardware resources and system operations.

• RTOSes differ from general-purpose operating systems (GPOSes), which emphasize user interaction and multitasking, like Linux, Microsoft Windows, and macOS.
• Soft real-time, hard real-time, and hybrid real-time are among the various varieties of RTOSs. 
• The best features of both hard and soft real-time systems are combined in hybrid real-time systems.  

14. Explain the concept of task scheduling in an RTOS.

In a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), task scheduling is the act of organizing and carrying out several tasks in order to maximize system efficiency and guarantee that important tasks are finished on time:

• Priority-based: Tasks are ranked according to their urgency and significance.
• Preemptive scheduling: It allows higher-priority tasks to interrupt lower-priority ones by choosing the highest-priority task that is prepared to execute.
• Scheduler: The scheduler determines when to begin or cease carrying out each task by keeping track of its progress.
• Deadlines: Known as a deadline, the scheduler makes sure that important tasks are completed within a certain time frame.
• Scheduling algorithms: To effectively distribute CPU time and resources, a variety of scheduling algorithms are employed.
• Determinism: Work needs to be completed in a predetermined order and at a predicted time.

15. What is a state machine?

A mathematical model used to explain a system’s behavior is called a state machine. Depending on input events, it switches between states.

It is a programming architecture used to express complex logic and create algorithms that execute in a finite number of states:

• States: They are symbolized by circles in a state diagram and describe the state of a system.
• Transitions: In a state diagram, arrows stand in for the activities that should be taken when a condition is satisfied or an event is received.
• Inputs: After reading inputs, a state machine modifies its state according to the inputs. 

16. What are the applications of state machines?

There are numerous uses for state machines, such as:

• Computing systems: The term “state machines” was first used to refer to computer systems.
• Dynamic systems: Complex logic in dynamic systems such as cars, robotics, mobile phones, and airplanes can be modeled by state machines.
• Object-oriented programming: The transition of an object from an inactive to an active state can be modeled by state machines.
• Travel booking apps: The logic of a user making reservations for a hotel, rental vehicle, and travel can be modeled by state machines. 

17. What is the typical development process for an embedded system?

The following tasks are typically included in an embedded system’s development process:

• Requirement analysis: Describe the needs of the system.
• System design: Create the architecture for the system.
• Software development: Create the system’s software.
• Hardware-software integration: Combine the hardware and software.
• Testing and debugging: Examine and troubleshoot the system.
• Deployment and maintenance: Install and keep up the system

18. Explain the importance of software testing in embedded systems.

To guarantee the dependability and security of embedded systems, extensive testing is essential. It assists in finding and resolving issues prior to deployment.

As it helps guarantee that the hardware and software function together as planned and satisfy end user needs, software testing is crucial in embedded systems.

• Risk mitigation: Testing assists in finding flaws early in the development cycle, when fixing them is less costly.
• Compliance: Software adherence to standards, laws, and compliance requirements can be guaranteed by testing.
• User satisfaction: Testing can confirm compatibility, usability, and functionality, all of which can boost user satisfaction.
• Cost savings: Finding and fixing defects early in the development cycle is far less expensive.
• Performance improvement: Testing helps locate performance snags and increase program efficiency.
• Reliability: Testing guarantees the software’s performance, safety, and dependability. 

19. What are some popular debugging techniques for embedded systems?

Typical methods for debugging embedded systems include:

• Real-time tracing and logging: It records and examines logs and event traces to comprehend system behavior and spot problems.
• In-circuit emulators (ICEs) and in-circuit debuggers (ICDs): It enables real-time developer interaction with the embedded system to step through code, set breakpoints, and examine variables and memory.
• Unit testing: It involves creating and executing brief tests to confirm how a single function or module behaves and produces results.
• Integration testing: It can be carried out at the hardware level using tools like signal generators, protocol analyzers, or test boards, or at the software level with tools like simulators, emulators, or debuggers.  
• Static analysis: It uses tools to analyze the source code of embedded software without running it in order to identify issues.
• Breakpoints and watchpoints: Typical debugger features that let you halt the system’s execution under specific circumstances.
• Rubber ducking: Speaking aloud to an inanimate item to assist you understand your code or problem, identify errors, or come up with solutions.

20. What are the challenges in developing embedded systems?

When creating embedded systems, there are a number of difficulties, such as:

• Safety: As they are utilized in vital and life-saving applications, embedded systems need to adhere to stringent safety regulations.
• Testing: Before being deployed, embedded systems must pass rigorous testing, which includes functionality and reliability testing.
• Limited resources: Memory, processing power, and energy are just a few of the resources that embedded systems frequently have. Engineers need to reduce memory utilization and optimize programs.
• Maintenance: Updating and maintaining embedded systems can be challenging, particularly if they are situated in inaccessible or remote locations.  
• Power consumption: As embedded systems are made to consume extremely little power, software optimization and component selection are crucial.
• Security: Any level of security concern, from physical robbery to interference with data storage, can affect embedded systems.
• Lack of standardization: It may be challenging to locate compatible upgrades or new parts due to a lack of standardization.

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Embedded C Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced

Here are the embedded system interview questions and answers for experienced professionals:

21. How can you ensure the embedded system security?

An embedded system’s security can be guaranteed by:

• Employ secure boot: To make sure the boot sequence is accurate and the boot-time software is unaffected, validate the boot image using a public key and cryptographic techniques.
• Update the firmware and software: Update and patch firmware and software frequently to fix known security flaws.
• Restrict access: Restrict access to embedded systems and essential functions to those that are absolutely necessary.
• Hardware components for partitions: Don’t allow every piece of hardware to be accessed by all programs.
• Make use of secure coding techniques: Adhere to software development best practices, such as frequent code reviews and secure coding techniques.
• Implement security testing: Throughout the development phase, use security testing to find and fix any possible vulnerabilities.
• Include countermeasures: To stop and lessen vulnerabilities, use strong design, cutting-edge detection techniques, and security measures.
• Employ a TPM (Trusted Platform Module): To improve security, use a hardware-based solution, like a TPM 2.0 chip.
• Integrate with third-party security management systems: Permit integration with security management solutions from third parties.
• Establish safe routes of communication: Establish secure routes of communication to distribute updates.
• Establish rollback procedures: Provide a way to roll back updates if they don’t work. 

22. What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

IoT refers to the network of interconnected devices that can collect and exchange data.

A network of physical items that can communicate and exchange data with other systems and devices via the internet is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). These items can send and receive data because they are outfitted with sensors, software, and other technology.

“Smart objects” is another term for IoT devices. They might be as basic as smart thermostats for the home or as sophisticated as transportation and industrial gear.  

23. How are embedded systems related to IoT?

Many IoT devices are built around embedded systems, which give them the processing and communication power. As they enable communication between objects and the cloud, embedded systems are an essential component of the Internet of Things (IoT). In order to gather, process, and send data across a network, embedded systems are incorporated into hardware, equipment, or devices.

IoT and embedded systems are related in the following ways:

• Data collection: Sensors are used by embedded systems to collect data about the physical world, including vibrations, temperature, and humidity.
• Data exchange: Through the internet, the data gathered by embedded systems is shared with other systems or devices.
• Data analysis: Analysis of the data gathered by embedded systems can be used to inform decisions, automate procedures, or give feedback on the condition of the device.
• Interoperability: Data interchange between devices is made easier by Internet of Things communication protocols including MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP.
• Energy efficiency: Energy efficiency is a crucial component of embedded systems since many of them are made to run on batteries.

Smart homes, healthcare, automotive, and industrial automation are just a few of the areas that use embedded systems.

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24. What are the security challenges in IoT?

There are numerous security issues with the Internet of Things (IoT), such as:

• Weak authentication: Since many IoT devices have inadequate authentication procedures or default passwords, they are susceptible to unwanted access.
• Lack of encryption: The majority of IoT network traffic is not encrypted, leaving private and sensitive information open to malware attacks.
• Outdated firmware and software: IoT devices may be operating on out-of-date firmware and software versions, which may have security vulnerabilities.
• Device diversity: It is challenging to apply conventional security measures because there are numerous varieties of IoT devices, each with unique security requirements.
• Data privacy: Many sensitive data points are collected by IoT devices, and if they are not well secured, they may be compromised.
• Supply chain risks: During production, pre-installed malware or other threats may affect IoT devices.
• Interoperability: The diverse protocols and standards used by IoT devices might make it challenging to keep an IoT ecosystem safe.
• Disparities between cloud computing and mobile networks: Since network to cloud transmissions frequently travel across the public internet, they are susceptible to malware and interception.
• Limitations on resources: Manufacturers may be forced to employ less robust security measures or no encryption at all due to power and computing constraints.  

25. What is edge computing?

By bringing computation and data storage closer to the data source, edge computing lowers latency and bandwidth needs. 

By processing and acting upon data closer to the source, or the “edge” of a network, edge computing is a distributed computing system. Devices like IoT sensors, gateways, or local servers are used to accomplish this.  

26. What are the benefits of edge computing?

The following are some advantages of edge computing:

• Faster real-time insights: By lowering latency and bottlenecking on networks and data centers, edge computing enables quicker real-time insights.
• Enhanced application performance: By bringing processing power closer to people and devices, edge computing enhances application performance.
• Reduced bandwidth requirements: By sending just the most crucial information to the central data center, edge computing lowers bandwidth needs.

Edge computing is helpful in applications like self-driving cars, smart cities, automated industries, banking, mining, and retail that call for real-time data processing and analysis. 

27. How does machine learning (ML) play a role in embedded systems?

ML algorithms can be implemented on embedded systems for tasks like:

• Predictive maintenance.
• Anomaly detection.
• Real-time decision making.
• Pattern recognition.

28. What is the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in embedded systems?

Artificial intelligence (AI) in embedded systems allows devices to learn from data, make judgments, and perform tasks more effectively and precisely. AI can be used to:

Improve decision-making: AI can assess sensor data in real-time to make judgments independently. For example, self-driving cars can employ AI to travel securely.

Improve accuracy: AI can improve system accuracy and efficiency. Smart home devices, for example, can modify settings in response to user preferences.

Improve predictive capabilities: AI can preempt issues before they occur. AI, for example, can be used in healthcare devices to diagnose and monitor conditions.

Improve resource utilization: AI optimizes resource utilization. For example, AI can be used to optimize energy use in smart homes. 

29. What is a digital signal processor (DSP)?

A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor device that performs mathematical operations to process digitized signals, such as audio, video, or temperature.

How It Works: To process information, DSPs use digitized signals and mathematical functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The processed data can subsequently be presented, examined, or transformed into another signal.

Applications: DSPs are utilized in a variety of applications such as audio signal processing, telecommunications, image processing, radar, sonar, and voice recognition. They are also often found in consumer devices including mobile phones, hard drives, and high-definition television. 

30. Explain the concept of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are integrated circuits (ICs) that may be modified after production to fit a designer’s specifications. FPGAs are a form of programmable logic device (PLD) composed of a series of programmable logic blocks (CLBs).

Here are some important properties of FPGAs:

• Reconfigurable: FPGAs can be reconfigured to match specific use cases following the manufacturing process.
• Flexible: FPGAs can be configured to become practically any system or digital circuit.
• Fast: FPGAs are hardware-timed and extremely fast.
• Reliable: FPGAs are trustworthy.
• Parallel: FPGAs are parallel.
• Low power consumption: FPGAs require little power.
• Scalable: FPGAs are scalable.
• Secure: FPGAs are secure.

FPGAs are frequently used by application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designers to test and debug prototypes. Designers can test the functionality, performance, and compatibility of their designs with external system components by programming an FPGA to replicate ASIC capability.  

31. What is a System-on-Chip (SoC)?

An SoC combines many components (processor, memory, and peripherals) into a single chip, lowering size and power consumption. A System on a Chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit (IC) that houses many or all of the electronic device’s components on a single chip. 

SoCs are utilized in a variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets, cameras, and wireless technology equipment.

SoCs differ from typical electronics design, which use individual components installed on a motherboard. SoCs provide numerous advantages, including:

• Improved performance: SoCs improve performance by optimizing speed, power efficiency, and space utilization.
• Simplified circuit board design: Circuit board design is simplified with SoCs since they eliminate the requirement for separate components.
• Enhanced user experience: SoCs deliver a consistent user experience across multiple devices.  

SoCs usually include a CPU, memory, graphics processing unit (GPU), USB controller, power management circuits, and wireless radios.  

32. Explain the concept of real-time operating systems (RTOS) for embedded systems.

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a software component that accurately and reliably handles a system’s hardware resources and duties. 

RTOSes are intended for critical systems that demand precise task scheduling and low-latency responses, making them an excellent choice for embedded applications.  

Here are some important properties of RTOSes:

• Predictability and Determinism: RTOSes ensure that repeated actions are completed within a limited time frame and always produce the same result.
• Resource management: RTOSes optimize resource management and scheduling for multi-tasking applications.
• Priority-based preemptive scheduling in RTOSes prioritizes processes depending on the relevance of the event they serve. The processor is assigned to the highest-priority processes.
• Fast context switching: RTOSes rapidly switch between separate programming threads, giving the impression that numerous applications are running concurrently.

33. Explain the significance of power management in embedded systems.

Power management is crucial for embedded systems because it extends battery life, reduces heat, and increases overall system efficiency. 

It’s a common aspect of the embedded system development process, and it’s critical to prepare for how the system can consume the least amount of power while still performing properly.

Here are some advantages of power management in embedded systems.

• Battery life: Power management extends the life of batteries.
• Heat reduction: Power management helps to reduce heat generation.
• System efficiency: Power management improves the overall efficiency of the system.
• Size and cost: Power management can assist minimize product size and expense.
• Noise reduction: Power management can help you reduce noise.
• Environmental impact: Power management can help to lessen the environmental impact.  

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34. Explain the importance of software design patterns in embedded systems.

Design patterns offer reusable solutions to typical software design issues, hence enhancing code maintainability and reusability.

35. What are the key considerations for selecting a microcontroller for an embedded system?

When selecting a microcontroller for an embedded system, you can consider the following:

• Power consumption: The balance between processing power and power consumption is critical. For example, a battery-powered embedded system should prioritize a microprocessor with a high power-to-performance ratio.
• Temperature Tolerance: Depending on the location, you may want a microcontroller that can endure severe temperatures.
• Security: Microcontrollers used in Internet of Things devices, particularly in autos, are vulnerable to hacking.
• Hardware Architecture: The packaging of a microcontroller influences its size and performance.
• Processing power: Consider how much computing power you’ll need for the task.
• Memory: The amount of RAM and ROM required depends on the apps you will be running.
• Hardware interface: Depending on the work, you may need a camera, audio, video, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB, or another type of interface.
• Software architecture: Some microcontrollers can run on several operating systems, whereas some cannot.
• Cost: Microcontrollers can cost a few dollars per unit or hundreds for a few bucks.
• Operating voltage: The voltage level at which the system works can influence the logic level with which the microcontroller communicates.
• Number of input and output pins: The number of I/O pins on a microcontroller is vital to consider.
• Development support: Take into account whether the microcontroller comes with assemblers, compilers, and debuggers.

36. How do you ensure the reliability of an embedded system?

Here are several methods for ensuring the reliability of an embedded system:

• Select the proper hardware: When selecting hardware components, consider factors such as power consumption, processing speed, memory size, and connection ports.
• Test the system: Benchmarking tools are useful for measuring critical parameters such as processor speed, memory utilization, power consumption, and reaction time. Examine real-time performance under varied load conditions.
• Utilize mature embedded software: Reusing established embedded software can increase reliability and maintainability while shortening the development time.
• Avoid using dynamic memory allocation: Bugs or inappropriate procedures can cause memory leaks or fragmentation, which are difficult to manage.  
• Perform RAM testing: Use Walking-1 and Walking-0 tests to ensure memory cell integrity, and Checkerboard tests to detect cross-talk and address-line coupling problems.
• Implement security measures: Use encryption and authentication, restrict access to important functions, and keep software up to date and patched on a regular basis.
• Utilize configurable hardware and software: This is especially critical for applications that have complicated or dynamic requirements.  

37. What are the challenges in debugging embedded systems?

When debugging embedded systems, you may encounter the following challenges:

• Limited visibility: It can be difficult to determine the internal condition of the system.
• Real-time constraints: Timing is crucial in many embedded systems, and missing deadlines can result in system failures.
• Hardware-software interaction: Embedded systems combine hardware and software.
• Synchronization issues: Managing numerous processors can be difficult, and unexpected interactions can result in bugs.
• Memory constraints: Small RAM and ROM sizes might make it difficult to allocate dynamic memory and store programs and data.
• Security: It is extremely important since embedded systems are frequently employed in safety-critical applications.
• Limited resources: Embedded systems frequently have limited processing capabilities, so it is critical to use resources efficiently. 

Some tools that can help you debug embedded systems include:

• In-circuit debuggers (ICDs) and in-circuit emulators (ICEs).
• Joint Test Action Group (JTAG
• Logical analyzers
• Debugging tools based on software, like integrated development environments (IDEs). 

38. How do you approach troubleshooting hardware issues in an embedded system?

Here are some steps you can use to troubleshoot hardware difficulties in an embedded system:

Define the problem: Explain the symptoms, intended actions, and context.

Gather relevant data: It includes problem messages, system logs, hardware details, and configuration settings.

Isolate the problem: To pinpoint the source of the problem, perform selective component testing, component swapping, or device removal.

Document the issue: Keep a detailed record of the symptoms and problem messages. This will assist you in identifying patterns, avoiding unnecessary actions, and providing useful information if you need to escalate the issue.  

Use in-circuit debugging: Connect a debugger to the operating embedded system to monitor and control its operations. This allows you to troubleshoot hardware faults in real time.  

Other typical hardware troubleshooting techniques include:

• Checking the power supply.
• Checking the cords and ports.
• Checking the drivers and firmware.
• Checking the BIOS and CMOS.
• Checking the RAM and hard drive.
• Checking the peripherals and accessories. 

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39. How do you debug software issues in an embedded system?

Here are several methods for debugging software problems in an embedded system:

• Set breakpoints and watchpoints: Set breakpoints at code lines where problems are suspected, and create watchpoints for variables or memory locations.
• Use remote debugging: Connect the embedded software to the PC and communicate with the device via a software GUI.
• Use a logic analyzer: A physical tool for capturing, displaying, and measuring electrical signals in a digital circuit.
• Enable the serial output: Use the UART peripheral to record applications in real time.
• Use the HES Debug API: Create test benches that can establish on-chip memories, examine internal registers, and set breakpoints.  
• Employ a methodical approach: Choose and apply the appropriate debugging technique.
• Employ tracing and logging: Include tracing and logging in your code.
• Make use of modeling and simulation: Use emulators and simulators to test.
• Make use of code coverage and unit testing: Make use of code coverage and unit testing.
• Make use of static analysis and code reviews: Make use of static analysis and code reviews.

Although debugging embedded systems might be difficult, you can increase your debugging effectiveness and efficiency with the correct tools and methods.  

40. What are some common software failure symptoms in embedded systems?

In embedded systems, the following are some typical signs of software failure:

• Memory-related errors: Among these are memory leaks, which happen when memory that has been allocated is not freed, resulting in the depletion of resources.
• Errors in data handling and communication: These include buffer underflows or overflows, which can cause system instability or corrupt data.
• Errors in power control: Among these is poor power management, which can shorten battery life and result in higher power usage.
• Errors in logic and software: Among them are algorithmic errors, which are faults in the implementation or design of algorithms that might result in improper system behavior.
• Poor testing and debugging procedures: Among these is inadequate testing, which may result in problems that are not found.
• Environmental difficulties: Reliability may be impacted by several factors, which include radiation and temperature.
• Race conditions: These happen when certain relative timing events of several system components result in unanticipated behavior.  

Conclusion

We hope this comprehensive list of interview questions and answers on embedded systems helps you in your preparation for your next embedded systems interview! Hone your skills with our embedded system training in Chennai.