Dot Net is an integral part of many applications that run on Windows, and it offers common functionality to run the application effectively. Here are the frequently asked advanced .NET interview questions and answers to help you ace the technical rounds of top companies easily. Rebuild your career with our advanced .NET training in Chennai.
Advanced .NET Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers
1. What is CAS?
CAS is the short form of Code Access Security, which is part of the .NET security model that protects documents and applications from unauthorized access to resources and operations. It restricts the code to perform specified tasks.
2. Define Garbage Collection
Garbage collection is a heap-management strategy that has a runtime component for taking responsibility for managing the memory usage by objects.
3. Define Assembly
An assembly is the fundamental building block of the .NET framework application, and every application is compiled into an assembly that refers to a portable executable (PE) file.
- This PE file will be a dynamic link library of an executable (.exe) file that consists of the MSIL code of the compiled application.
- An assembly also contains the files required for the applications, assembly metadata, and type metadata.
- It stores the data by its name and version number of the assembly along with security information.
- The type metadata is the information of the types, namely classes, interfaces, structures, and enumerations that are needed for the assembly.
4. What is the difference between managed and unmanaged code in .Net?
The .NET framework offers a run-time environment known as the Common Language Runtime that manages the execution of the code and offers services that make the development process easier.
Compilers and tools are used to expose the functionalities of runtime and allow users to write code that benefits from this managed execution environment. The code you have developed with a language compiler that aims the runtime is known as managed code.
Enhanced security, versioning and development support, a streamlined model for component interaction, debugging and profiling services, cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, and more are among the highlights.
5. Define Web Server
A web server refers to the hardware or software that is working together or separately to distribute resources to the clients.
On the hardware side, a web server has high processing power and memory for storing the application’s back-end code and static assets like images and CSS, HTML, and JavaScript files.
- This web server is connected to the internet to allow data flow between connected computer systems.
On software, a web server is a program that accepts HTTP requests from clients, like a web browser, processes them, and returns a response to the client requests.
- The responses may be static, like images or text, or dynamic. The known examples for a web server are Apache, IIS, or Nginx.
6. What is NuGet Package Manager?
NuGet is a dedicated package manager for the .NET system, and it was developed by Microsoft to provide access to thousands of packages developed by global .NET developers.
Anyone can use them or share your codes with them. A typical web application developed using ASP.NET depends on numerous open-source NuGet packages to function.
Newtonsoft.Json is a very popular package used to work with JSON data in the .Net framework.
7. What is the purpose of the appsettings.json file?
Appsettings.json consists of all the application’s settings to allow developers to configure the application behavior. Example of AppSettings.JSON.
{
“Logging”: {
“LogLevel”: {
“Default”: “Information”,
“Microsoft”: “Warning”,
“Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime”: “Information”
}
},
“ConnectionStrings”: {
“AppConnection”: “”
},
“AWS”: {
“Profile”: “local-test-profile”,
“Region”: “us-west-2”
},
“AllowedHosts”: “*”
}
8. Define Kestrel
Kestrel is an open-source and cross-platform web server designed for ASP.Net Core, and it is included and enabled by default in ASP.Net Core.
This is lighter than IIS, and it can be used as a web server processing requests directly from a network that contains the internet.
The Kestrel serves as an ASP.NET Core application for recommending a reverse proxy like IIS, Nginx, or Apache for better performance, security, and reliability.
9. What are the various types used for implementing the IActionResult interface?
ASP.NET Core has the following types of IActionResult:
- ViewResult to generate an HTML view
- RedirectResult for sending a 302 HTTP redirect response for a specified URL automatically
- RedirectToRouteResult for sending pages to defined routing
- FileResult for sending files
- ContentResult for returning a provided string as the response
- StatusCodeResult for sending a raw HTTP status code as a response, and optionally with associated response body content.
- NotFoundResult for sending a raw 404 HTTP status code as the response
10. What is dependency injection?
Dependency Injection is a design pattern that helps to develop loosely coupled code, and it is used extensively in ASP.Net.
- It means providing the objects that an object needs or dependencies for the object’s constructor instead of requiring the object to construct them.
- It reduces or eliminates unnecessary dependencies between objects that don’t need to know each other, and it helps in testing by mocking or stubbing out the dependencies at runtime.
11. Define global.asax.
High-level applications such as Application_Start, Session_End, and Session_Start are handled by Global.asax. Setting application-level variables and executing application-level events are also done via global files.
12. What is a Trace in Dot Net?
Tracing makes it possible to troubleshoot the application and inspect diagnostic data about a single request during runtime. Features, background information, code samples, and class references are all included in the trace.
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13. List the different types of caching.
One method for organizing user data or information in memory is caching.
Three categories of cache exist:
- Output Caching: It defines the property and the cache’s duration.
- Fragment Caching: A simple web form page uses fragment caching, a user-controlled caching technique.
- Data Caching: Data source control data is cached using this technique.
14. Enumerate five ASP.NET web controllers.
Web controls are HTML components that are used for web forms and pages’ functionality and script labeling. They are:
- HTML Controls
- HTML Server Controls
- User and Custom Controls
- ASP.NET Server Controls
- ASP.NET Ajax Server Controls
15. What function does Postback serve in ASP.NET?
A postback is a request that is sent from the page that the user is working on to the server from the client. For a new page, it sends the entire page back to the server.
Before the page is processed, a postback is sent to a server, which stores credentials such as usernames and password verification using a database.
16. Describe the client-side script events.
Client-side script speeds up the page’s execution by running on the browser.
- onclick: When the control is clicked, onclick is used.
- onfocus: When the control gets the focus, it uses the onfocus function.
- onchange: It is applied when the control’s value is altered.
- onblur: When the control loses focus, onblur is used.
- onkeypress: When the user pushes a key, it is utilized.
17. Describe the design principles of .NET.
.NET refers to the following SOLID design principles:
- S stands for the notion of single responsibility.
- O denotes the open-closed principle.
- L denotes the Liskov substitution principle.
- I stand for the notion of interface segregation.
- D represents the notion of dependency inversion.
18. What is your knowledge of LINQ’s immediate versus postponed execution?
When the query is forced to execute, immediate execution provides results instantly. Conversely, deferred execution refers to the absence of query execution at a given moment. When the query variable is iterated over, the query that was stored in it is executed.
19. Describe how to use WebAPI to construct generic actions.
Because WebAPI requires prior knowledge about method signatures, the described objective is not feasible.
20. Why are microservices utilized in .NET, and what are they?
A design pattern or architectural style known as microservices enables the development of applications through the use of tiny, autonomous, communicable components.
They are employed in the development of .NET apps that are customer-focused. The developed apps provide independent versioning and scaling features.
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.NET Advanced Interview Questions for Intermediate Learners
21. What types of JIT compilers are available for .NET?
The main JIT compilers available in the .NET environment are listed below:
- Pre-JIT Compiler: In a single compilation cycle, the pre-JIT compiler transforms source code into machine code.
- The native image of apps that can operate on a single platform is created using NGen.
- Econo JIT Compiler: Like other JIT compilers, the Econo JIT compiler builds the methods that are invoked during runtime.
- However, the produced methods are not saved for further usage.
- Normal JIT Compiler: Source codes are compiled at runtime using the standard JIT compiler. It carries out the techniques that are called at a given moment.
- Complicated procedures can be kept in memory.
22. What are OOP’s fundamental features?
OOP’s basic features are:
- Encapsulation: It is the process of creating independent modules that connect the functions that access the data and the data itself.
- Abstraction: It manages intricacy and permits the application of increasingly intricate reasoning without revealing it to the user object.
- Polymorphism: To make integration simple, an operation is carried out based on the context at runtime.
- Inheritance: It is the process of creating classes in a hierarchy such that a class can reuse code by inheriting behavior from its parent class.
23. Define WCF.
To construct service-oriented applications, we utilize the WCF framework. Asynchronous message transmission between service ends is supported.
- The messages may consist of sophisticated binary data, a single letter, or a word.
- An application or an IIS-hosted service can be the service end.
- To put it briefly, WCF makes the process of developing web services and web service clients easier.
- WCF complies with the most recent web service interoperability industry standards.
It adheres to a variety of communication patterns, including duplex exchange, one-way, and request/reply.
24. What distinguishes a heap from a stack?
Stack: Temporary variables are stored in a stack. Data is stored in stack memory using a linear data structure. For static memory allocation, we employ stack memory.
Heap: We allocate memory dynamically using a heap. Heap memory makes it slow to access data. Heap uses a hierarchical structure to store data. This indicates that data is kept in a tree-like heap.
25. What is SOA?
Software as a Service (SOA) is a software development methodology that builds applications utilizing software components.
- Services are the components of the software.
- Every service offers a commercial function.
- Interactions between the services are possible. Services can be reused across several platforms.
In a similar vein, we can do complex tasks by combining various independent services.
SOA can be used, for instance, in the user authentication procedure. User authentication may be necessary for a variety of organizational procedures.
With SOA, we can create and repurpose a single authentication service for numerous business operations.
26. Describe test-driven development.
The TDD methodology places a strong emphasis on creating test cases before creating an application feature or function. With brief breaks, it adheres to the iterative development cycle. To put it simply, TDD carries out testing and development simultaneously.
TDD develops products using the cycle listed below:
- Including a test in the suite of tests
- Executing every test to ensure the new test fails
- Creating code to pass the exam
- Rerunning every test suite
- Enhancing the original codes
- Repeating the cycle
27. In ASP.NET web pages, what is a cross-page posting?
Posting form data from one page to another is supported via cross-page posting. The overhead of reloading the current page is reduced. The page we wish to post is specified using the PostBackURL property.
To handle events, an ASP.NET page posts back to itself. For instance, we will press the submit button after entering data on an ASP.NET page. The page publishes back to itself once the data has been saved.
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28. What distinguishes value types from reference types in C#?
While a reference type is also kept in a heap, a value type is also saved in a stack.
- While a reference type directs to another memory location where data is stored, a value type stores data in its memory region.
- Since value types are transferred by value, assigning data to a variable creates a copy of the data.
- When assigned to a variable, the reference to the data is used because reference types are supplied by reference.
29. How do BCL and FCL differ from one another?
BCL: The Base Class Library, which includes interfaces, classes, and value types, is known as BCL. This library aids in the development of apps, controls, and components for the .NET framework.
FCL: Framework Class Library is a group of reusable types. The .NET framework’s classes, data types, and interfaces are all included in this package. Because it gives us access to system capabilities, we can create a variety of apps with it.
30. Describe the various kinds of C# constructors.
In C#, constructors come in five different varieties, as listed below:
- Default constructor: There are no parameters in the default constructor.
- Parameterized constructor: One argument is present in the parameterized constructor.
- Copy constructor: By copying variables from another object, the copy constructor creates new objects.
- Static constructor: A static keyword is used to create it. It is only used once.
- Private constructor: A private specifier is used to create it. This class prevents other classes from deriving from it. It does not permit instances to be created from it.
Advanced .NET Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced Professionals
31. Why is CheckBox used in .NET?
With the use of this control, users can set a true or false value for the control’s associated item by creating a check box on a Web Forms page. The checkbox’s attributes are:
- Checked: If the checkbox is checked, this is true; if not, it is false. False is the default setting.
- TextAlign: This refers to the caption’s alignment. There are two possible values: left and right. Aligning to the right is the default.
- Text: The checkbox caption is defined here.
<%@ Page Language=”C#” AutoEventWireup=”true” CodeBehind=”WebForm2.aspx.cs”
Inherits=”WebApplication10.WebForm2″ %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head runat=”server”>
<title></title>
<style type=”text/css”>
#form1 {}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1″ runat=”server”>
<div>
<br />
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<br />
</div>
<asp:CheckBox ID=”CheckBox1″ runat=”server” Text=”HSC” />
<br />
<asp:CheckBox ID=”CheckBox2″ runat=”server” Text=”SSC” />
/ Polytechnic<br />
<asp:CheckBox ID=”CheckBox3″ runat=”server” Text=”BE” />
<br />
<br />
<asp:Button ID=”Button1″ runat=”server”
OnClick=”Button1_Click” Text=”Submit ” />
<asp:Label ID=”Label1″ runat=”server” ForeColor=”Lime”
Text=”Label”></asp:Label>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output:
32. Explain the view state.
The ASP.NET page framework employs a view state to maintain page and control values in between round trips.
<%@ Page Language=”C#” AutoEventWireup=”true” CodeBehind=”WebForm4.aspx.cs”
Inherits=”WebApplication9.WebForm4″ %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head runat=”server”>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1″ runat=”server”>
<div>
<h6>Example of View State:</B></h6>
<p><B><I><U>WELCOME TO SLA</B></I></U></p>
Page Counter:
<br />
<br />
<asp:Label ID=”lblCounter” runat=”server” />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<asp:Button ID=”btnIncrement” runat=”server”
Text=”Number of Visitors Count” OnClientClick=”btnIncrement_Click” />
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
33. What distinguishes DataSet.Copy from DataSet.Clone?
- DataSet.Clone: Only the Data Set’s structure, including all Data Table relations, schemas, and constraints is copied by DataSet.Clone. No data is copied by it.
- DataSet.Copy: DataSet.Copy is a deep copy of a DataSet. Its data and structure are duplicated.
ASP.NET Core Advanced Interview Questions and Answers
34. Explain ASP’s loginStatus Controls.
Strong login controls for web-based applications that don’t require program coding are supported by ASP.NET.
- The only function of the very basic LoginStatus control is to show a different link based on whether the user is logged in or out.
- A link to log out is displayed if the user is logged in, and vice versa.
It supports a few properties, including Redirect, RedirctToLoginPage, and Refresh. LogOutAction can be used to define what happens when a user clicks on the LogOutLink.
Setting it to Redirect necessitates setting the additional property LogOutPage Url, to which a user is redirected when they log off of the website.
<%@ Page Language=”C#” AutoEventWireup=”true”
CodeBehind=”WebForm1.aspx.cs” Inherits=”WebApplication10.WebForm1″ %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head runat=”server”>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1″ runat=”server”>
<div>
Welcome To SLA<br />
<asp:LoginStatus ID=”LoginStatus1″ runat=”server”
ForeColor=”#CC0000″ LoginText=”Click here for Login” />
<br />
<br />
<asp:LoginStatus ID=”LoginStatus2″ runat=”server”
ForeColor=”#CC0000″ LoginText=”Click here to Logout” />
<br />
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
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35. Explain AJAX in ASP.NET
ASP.NET AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX, or ASP.NET AJAX, is a collection of extensions for ASP.NET.
- This method reduces the size, speed, and usability of Internet applications.
- Microsoft developed it to implement AJAX features in web applications.
- The AJAX Library, which uses object-arranged programming (OOP) to create richer, faster web applications, is compatible with ASP.NET AJAX.
It enables web pages to request discrete information from the server rather than complete pages by using asynchronous data transfer between the browser and the web server.
36. List the various trace methods that ASP.NET offers.
- Assert(): The Assert() function checks for a condition and, if it is false, outputs a message.
- Close(): Clears the output buffer before shutting down the listeners to stop receiving debugging output.
- Fail(): This function returns an error.
- GetType(): “Gets the Type of the Object” is what GetType() is used for.
- ToString(): A string representing the current object is returned by the ToString() function.
- GetHashCode(): This function functions similarly to a hash function for a specific type. It can be applied to data structures such as hash tables and hashing algorithms.
- Equals(): It checks to see if the given object is the same instance as the one that is currently in use.
- Warn(): It adds optional exception details and trace information to the trace log. Every warning is shown in red letters.
- It comes in two varieties: Any user-defined categories are included in the trace information that is written to the trace log by the first form.
- Write(): This function adds trace data to the trace log. It comes in two varieties.
- Any user-defined categories and trace messages are among the trace information that is written to the trace log by the first form.
37. What does ASP.NET’s navigation control mean?
A menu that may be saved in a file to facilitate maintenance is known as a navigation control. Typically called web.Sitemap, this file is kept in the web’s root directory. There are three distinct kinds of navigation control in ASP.NET:
- Dynamic Menus
- TreeView
- Site Map path
38. What is ADO.NET?
In terms of data access, ADO.NET, the next version of ADO, was introduced by ASP.NET.
- By using XML as a communication channel between unconnected recordsets and the DataStore, ADO.NET gives these record sets additional weight.
- Beginning with the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) application programming interface (API), ADO.NET is the most recent database access technology.
- Microsoft promised to establish a single, uniform database access approach when it launched an open database connection.
- Since then, ODBC has advanced significantly.
- Third-party developers offer optimized versions of ODBC drivers, which are supported by nearly all of the main databases now in use.
- The ODBC’s main goal is to give database data sources a standardized interface.
39. What is a TreeView control?
Nodes make up the TreeView control. A TreeNode object represents each node, which is an entry in the tree.
- A parent node is a node that contains additional nodes.
- A child node is a node that is enclosed by another node.
- A leaf node is a node without any descendant nodes.
A node that is the ancestor of every other node in the root node but is not enclosed by any other nodes.
Root, parent, and leaf nodes are mutually exclusive; however, a node can be both a parent and a child. Whether a node is a root, parent, or leaf node affects a number of its behavioral and visual characteristics.
40. Explain Anonymous Personalization
Before revealing their identity, users can customize the website via anonymous personalization.
Example
<anonymous identification enabled =”true” cookieName=”.ASPXANONYMOUSUSE”
cookieTimeout=”20000″ cookiePath=”/” cookieRequiresSSL=”false”
cookieSlidingExpiration=”true” cookieprotection=”Encryption”
cookieless=”User”/>
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Conclusion
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